populationBalanceModel.C

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License
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    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
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    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
    for more details.
 
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#include "populationBalanceModel.H"
#include "phaseSystem.H"
#include "phaseCompressibleMomentumTransportModel.H"
#include "coalescenceModel.H"
#include "breakupModel.H"
#include "binaryBreakupModel.H"
#include "driftModel.H"
#include "nucleationModel.H"
#include "interfaceSurfaceTensionModel.H"
#include "fvmDdt.H"
#include "fvmDiv.H"
#include "fvmSup.H"
#include "fvcDdt.H"
#include "fvcDiv.H"
#include "fvcSup.H"
#include "shapeModel.H"
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Data Members * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
namespace Foam
{
namespace diameterModels
{
    defineTypeNameAndDebug(populationBalanceModel, 0);
}
}
 
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * Private Member Functions * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::initialiseDmdtfs()
{
    forAllConstIter
    (
        HashTable<const diameterModels::velocityGroup*>,
        velocityGroupPtrs_,
        iter1
    )
    {
        const diameterModels::velocityGroup& velGrp1 = *iter1();
 
        forAllConstIter
        (
            HashTable<const diameterModels::velocityGroup*>,
            velocityGroupPtrs_,
            iter2
        )
        {
            const diameterModels::velocityGroup& velGrp2 = *iter2();
 
            const phaseInterface interface(velGrp1.phase(), velGrp2.phase());
 
            if
            (
                &velGrp1 != &velGrp2
                &&
                !dmdtfs_.found(interface)
            )
            {
                fluid_.validateMassTransfer
                    <diameterModels::populationBalanceModel>(interface);
 
                dmdtfs_.insert
                (
                    interface,
                    new volScalarField
                    (
                        IOobject
                        (
                            IOobject::groupName
                            (
                                typedName("dmdtf"),
                                interface.name()
                            ),
                            mesh().time().name(),
                            mesh()
                        ),
                        mesh(),
                        dimensionedScalar(dimDensity/dimTime, 0)
                    )
                );
            }
        }
    }
}
 
 
void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::precompute()
{
    forAll(coalescenceModels_, model)
    {
        coalescenceModels_[model].precompute();
    }
 
    forAll(breakupModels_, model)
    {
        breakupModels_[model].precompute();
 
        breakupModels_[model].dsdPtr()->precompute();
    }
 
    forAll(binaryBreakupModels_, model)
    {
        binaryBreakupModels_[model].precompute();
    }
 
    forAll(drift_, model)
    {
        drift_[model].precompute();
    }
 
    forAll(nucleation_, model)
    {
        nucleation_[model].precompute();
    }
}
 
 
void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::birthByCoalescence
(
    const label j,
    const label k
)
{
    const sizeGroup& fj = sizeGroups()[j];
    const sizeGroup& fk = sizeGroups()[k];
 
    dimensionedScalar Eta;
    dimensionedScalar v = fj.x() + fk.x();
 
    for (label i = j; i < sizeGroups().size(); i++)
    {
        Eta = eta(i, v);
 
        if (Eta.value() == 0) continue;
 
        const sizeGroup& fi = sizeGroups()[i];
 
        if (j == k)
        {
            Sui_ =
                0.5*fi.x()/(fj.x()*fk.x())*Eta
               *coalescenceRate_()*fj*fj.phase()*fk*fk.phase();
        }
        else
        {
            Sui_ =
                fi.x()/(fj.x()*fk.x())*Eta
               *coalescenceRate_()*fj*fj.phase()*fk*fk.phase();
        }
 
        Su_[i] += Sui_;
 
        const phaseInterface interfaceij(fi.phase(), fj.phase());
 
        if (dmdtfs_.found(interfaceij))
        {
            const scalar dmdtSign =
                interfaceij.index(fi.phase()) == 0 ? +1 : -1;
 
            *dmdtfs_[interfaceij] += dmdtSign*fj.x()/v*Sui_*fj.phase().rho();
        }
 
        const phaseInterface interfaceik(fi.phase(), fk.phase());
 
        if (dmdtfs_.found(interfaceik))
        {
            const scalar dmdtSign =
                interfaceik.index(fi.phase()) == 0 ? +1 : -1;
 
            *dmdtfs_[interfaceik] += dmdtSign*fk.x()/v*Sui_*fk.phase().rho();
        }
 
        sizeGroups_[i].shapeModelPtr()->addCoalescence(Sui_, fj, fk);
    }
}
 
 
void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::deathByCoalescence
(
    const label i,
    const label j
)
{
    const sizeGroup& fi = sizeGroups()[i];
    const sizeGroup& fj = sizeGroups()[j];
 
    Sp_[i] += coalescenceRate_()*fi.phase()*fj*fj.phase()/fj.x();
 
    if (i != j)
    {
        Sp_[j] += coalescenceRate_()*fj.phase()*fi*fi.phase()/fi.x();
    }
}
 
 
void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::birthByBreakup
(
    const label k,
    const label model
)
{
    const sizeGroup& fk = sizeGroups()[k];
 
    for (label i = 0; i <= k; i++)
    {
        const sizeGroup& fi = sizeGroups()[i];
 
        Sui_ =
            fi.x()*breakupModels_[model].dsdPtr()().nik(i, k)/fk.x()
           *breakupRate_()*fk*fk.phase();
 
        Su_[i] += Sui_;
 
        const phaseInterface interface(fi.phase(), fk.phase());
 
        if (dmdtfs_.found(interface))
        {
            const scalar dmdtSign =
                interface.index(fi.phase()) == 0 ? +1 : -1;
 
            *dmdtfs_[interface] += dmdtSign*Sui_*fk.phase().rho();
        }
 
        sizeGroups_[i].shapeModelPtr()->addBreakup(Sui_, fk);
    }
}
 
 
void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::deathByBreakup(const label i)
{
    Sp_[i] += breakupRate_()*sizeGroups()[i].phase();
}
 
 
void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::calcDeltas()
{
    forAll(sizeGroups(), i)
    {
        if (delta_[i].empty())
        {
            for (label j = 0; j <= sizeGroups().size() - 1; j++)
            {
                const sizeGroup& fj = sizeGroups()[j];
 
                delta_[i].append
                (
                    new dimensionedScalar
                    (
                        "delta",
                        dimVolume,
                        v_[i+1].value() - v_[i].value()
                    )
                );
 
                if
                (
                    v_[i].value() < 0.5*fj.x().value()
                 &&
                    0.5*fj.x().value() < v_[i+1].value()
                )
                {
                    delta_[i][j] =  mag(0.5*fj.x() - v_[i]);
                }
                else if (0.5*fj.x().value() <= v_[i].value())
                {
                    delta_[i][j].value() = 0;
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
 
 
void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::birthByBinaryBreakup
(
    const label i,
    const label j
)
{
    const sizeGroup& fi = sizeGroups()[i];
    const sizeGroup& fj = sizeGroups()[j];
 
    const volScalarField Su(binaryBreakupRate_()*fj*fj.phase());
 
    Sui_ = fi.x()*delta_[i][j]/fj.x()*Su;
 
    Su_[i] += Sui_;
 
    sizeGroups_[i].shapeModelPtr()->addBreakup(Sui_, fj);
 
    const phaseInterface interfaceij(fi.phase(), fj.phase());
 
    if (dmdtfs_.found(interfaceij))
    {
        const scalar dmdtSign =
            interfaceij.index(fi.phase()) == 0 ? +1 : -1;
 
        *dmdtfs_[interfaceij] += dmdtSign*Sui_*fj.phase().rho();
    }
 
    dimensionedScalar Eta;
    dimensionedScalar v = fj.x() - fi.x();
 
    for (label k = 0; k <= j; k++)
    {
        Eta = eta(k, v);
 
        if (Eta.value() == 0) continue;
 
        const sizeGroup& fk = sizeGroups()[k];
 
        volScalarField& Suk = Sui_;
 
        Suk = fk.x()*delta_[i][j]*Eta/fj.x()*Su;
 
        Su_[k] += Suk;
 
        const phaseInterface interfacekj(fk.phase(), fj.phase());
 
        if (dmdtfs_.found(interfacekj))
        {
            const scalar dmdtSign =
                interfacekj.index(fk.phase()) == 0 ? +1 : -1;
 
            *dmdtfs_[interfacekj] += dmdtSign*Suk*fj.phase().rho();
        }
 
        sizeGroups_[k].shapeModelPtr()->addBreakup(Suk, fj);
    }
}
 
 
void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::deathByBinaryBreakup
(
    const label j,
    const label i
)
{
    Sp_[i] += sizeGroups()[i].phase()*binaryBreakupRate_()*delta_[j][i];
}
 
 
void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::drift
(
    const label i,
    driftModel& model
)
{
    model.addToDriftRate(driftRate_(), i);
 
    const sizeGroup& fp = sizeGroups()[i];
 
    if (i < sizeGroups().size() - 1)
    {
        const sizeGroup& fe = sizeGroups()[i+1];
        volScalarField& Sue = Sui_;
 
        Sp_[i] += 1/(fe.x() - fp.x())*pos(driftRate_())*driftRate_();
 
        Sue =
            fe.x()/(fp.x()*(fe.x() - fp.x()))*pos(driftRate_())*driftRate_()*fp;
 
        Su_[i+1] += Sue;
 
        const phaseInterface interfacepe(fp.phase(), fe.phase());
 
        if (dmdtfs_.found(interfacepe))
        {
            const scalar dmdtSign =
                interfacepe.index(fp.phase()) == 0 ? +1 : -1;
 
            *dmdtfs_[interfacepe] -= dmdtSign*Sue*fp.phase().rho();
        }
 
        sizeGroups_[i+1].shapeModelPtr()->addDrift(Sue, fp, model);
    }
 
    if (i == sizeGroups().size() - 1)
    {
        Sp_[i] -= pos(driftRate_())*driftRate_()/fp.x();
    }
 
    if (i > 0)
    {
        const sizeGroup& fw = sizeGroups()[i-1];
        volScalarField& Suw = Sui_;
 
        Sp_[i] += 1/(fw.x() - fp.x())*neg(driftRate_())*driftRate_();
 
        Suw =
            fw.x()/(fp.x()*(fw.x() - fp.x()))*neg(driftRate_())*driftRate_()*fp;
 
        Su_[i-1] += Suw;
 
        const phaseInterface interfacepw(fp.phase(), fw.phase());
 
        if (dmdtfs_.found(interfacepw))
        {
            const scalar dmdtSign =
                interfacepw.index(fp.phase()) == 0 ? +1 : -1;
 
            *dmdtfs_[interfacepw] -= dmdtSign*Suw*fp.phase().rho();
        }
 
        sizeGroups_[i-1].shapeModelPtr()->addDrift(Suw, fp, model);
    }
 
    if (i == 0)
    {
        Sp_[i] -= neg(driftRate_())*driftRate_()/fp.x();
    }
}
 
 
void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::nucleation
(
    const label i,
    nucleationModel& model
)
{
    const sizeGroup& fi = sizeGroups()[i];
 
    model.addToNucleationRate(nucleationRate_(), i);
 
    Sui_ = fi.x()*nucleationRate_();
 
    Su_[i] += Sui_;
 
    sizeGroups_[i].shapeModelPtr()->addNucleation(Sui_, fi, model);
}
 
 
void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::sources()
{
    forAll(sizeGroups(), i)
    {
        sizeGroups_[i].shapeModelPtr()->reset();
        Su_[i] = Zero;
        Sp_[i] = Zero;
    }
 
    forAllIter(phaseSystem::dmdtfTable, dmdtfs_, pDmdtIter)
    {
        *pDmdtIter() = Zero;
    }
 
    forAll(coalescencePairs_, coalescencePairi)
    {
        label i = coalescencePairs_[coalescencePairi].first();
        label j = coalescencePairs_[coalescencePairi].second();
 
        coalescenceRate_() = Zero;
 
        forAll(coalescenceModels_, model)
        {
            coalescenceModels_[model].addToCoalescenceRate
            (
                coalescenceRate_(),
                i,
                j
            );
        }
 
        birthByCoalescence(i, j);
 
        deathByCoalescence(i, j);
    }
 
    forAll(binaryBreakupPairs_, binaryBreakupPairi)
    {
        label i = binaryBreakupPairs_[binaryBreakupPairi].first();
        label j = binaryBreakupPairs_[binaryBreakupPairi].second();
 
        binaryBreakupRate_() = Zero;
 
        forAll(binaryBreakupModels_, model)
        {
            binaryBreakupModels_[model].addToBinaryBreakupRate
            (
                binaryBreakupRate_(),
                j,
                i
            );
        }
 
        birthByBinaryBreakup(j, i);
 
        deathByBinaryBreakup(j, i);
    }
 
    forAll(sizeGroups(), i)
    {
        forAll(breakupModels_, model)
        {
            breakupModels_[model].setBreakupRate(breakupRate_(), i);
 
            birthByBreakup(i, model);
 
            deathByBreakup(i);
        }
 
        forAll(drift_, model)
        {
            driftRate_() = Zero;
 
            drift(i, drift_[model]);
        }
 
        forAll(nucleation_, model)
        {
            nucleationRate_() = Zero;
 
            nucleation(i, nucleation_[model]);
        }
    }
}
 
 
void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::correctDilatationError()
{
    forAllIter
    (
        HashTable<volScalarField>,
        dilatationErrors_,
        iter
    )
    {
        volScalarField& dilatationError = iter();
        const word& phaseName = iter.key();
        const phaseModel& phase = fluid_.phases()[phaseName];
        const velocityGroup& velGroup = *velocityGroupPtrs_[phaseName];
        const volScalarField& alpha = phase;
        const volScalarField& rho = phase.rho();
 
        dilatationError =
            fvc::ddt(alpha) + fvc::div(phase.alphaPhi())
          - (fluid_.fvModels().source(alpha, rho) & rho)/rho;
 
        forAll(velGroup.sizeGroups(), i)
        {
            const sizeGroup& fi = velGroup.sizeGroups()[i];
 
            dilatationError -= Su_[fi.i()] - fvc::Sp(Sp_[fi.i()], fi);
        }
    }
}
 
 
void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::calcAlphas()
{
    alphas_() = Zero;
 
    forAllConstIter(HashTable<const velocityGroup*>, velocityGroupPtrs_, iter)
    {
        const phaseModel& phase = iter()->phase();
 
        alphas_() += max(phase, phase.residualAlpha());
    }
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField>
Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::calcDsm()
{
    tmp<volScalarField> tInvDsm
    (
        volScalarField::New
        (
            "invDsm",
            mesh_,
            dimensionedScalar(inv(dimLength), Zero)
        )
    );
 
    volScalarField& invDsm = tInvDsm.ref();
 
    forAllConstIter(HashTable<const velocityGroup*>, velocityGroupPtrs_, iter)
    {
        const phaseModel& phase = iter()->phase();
 
        invDsm += max(phase, phase.residualAlpha())/(phase.d()*alphas_());
    }
 
    return 1/tInvDsm;
}
 
 
void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::calcVelocity()
{
    U_() = Zero;
 
    forAllConstIter(HashTable<const velocityGroup*>, velocityGroupPtrs_, iter)
    {
        const phaseModel& phase = iter()->phase();
 
        U_() += max(phase, phase.residualAlpha())*phase.U()/alphas_();
    }
}
 
bool Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::updateSources()
{
    const bool result = sourceUpdateCounter_ % sourceUpdateInterval() == 0;
 
    ++ sourceUpdateCounter_;
 
    return result;
}
 
 
template<class EtaType, class VType>
EtaType Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::eta
(
    const label i,
    const VType& v
) const
{
    const label n = sizeGroups().size();
 
    static const dimensionedScalar rootVSmallV(dimVolume, rootVSmall);
    static const dimensionedScalar z(dimless, scalar(0));
 
    const dimensionedScalar& x0 =
        i > 0 ? sizeGroups()[i - 1].x() : rootVSmallV;
    const dimensionedScalar& xi = sizeGroups()[i].x();
    const dimensionedScalar& x1 =
        i < n - 1 ? sizeGroups()[i + 1].x() : rootVSmallV;
 
    return max(min((v - x0)/(xi - x0), (x1 - v)/(x1 - xi)), z);
}
 
 
template<class EtaType, class VType>
EtaType Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::etaV
(
    const label i,
    const VType& v
) const
{
    const label n = sizeGroups().size();
 
    static const dimensionedScalar rootVSmallInvV(inv(dimVolume), rootVSmall);
    static const dimensionedScalar rootVGreatInvV(inv(dimVolume), rootVGreat);
    static const dimensionedScalar z(dimless, scalar(0));
 
    const dimensionedScalar x0 =
        i > 0 ? 1/sizeGroups()[i - 1].x() : rootVGreatInvV;
    const dimensionedScalar xi = 1/sizeGroups()[i].x();
    const dimensionedScalar x1 =
        i < n - 1 ? 1/sizeGroups()[i + 1].x() : rootVSmallInvV;
 
    const VType invV
    (
        1/min(max(v, sizeGroups().first().x()), sizeGroups().last().x())
    );
 
    return max(min((invV - x0)/(xi - x0), (x1 - invV)/(x1 - xi)), z);
}
 
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Constructors  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::populationBalanceModel
(
    const phaseSystem& fluid,
    const word& name
)
:
    regIOobject
    (
        IOobject
        (
            name,
            fluid.time().constant(),
            fluid.mesh()
        )
    ),
    fluid_(fluid),
    dmdtfs_(),
    mesh_(fluid_.mesh()),
    name_(name),
    dict_
    (
        fluid_.subDict("populationBalanceCoeffs").subDict(name_)
    ),
    continuousPhase_
    (
        mesh_.lookupObject<phaseModel>
        (
            IOobject::groupName("alpha", dict_.lookup("continuousPhase"))
        )
    ),
    sizeGroups_(),
    v_(),
    delta_(),
    Su_(),
    Sp_(),
    Sui_
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "Sui",
            mesh_.time().name(),
            mesh_
        ),
        mesh_,
        dimensionedScalar(inv(dimTime), Zero)
    ),
    coalescenceModels_
    (
        dict_.lookup("coalescenceModels"),
        coalescenceModel::iNew(*this)
    ),
    coalescenceRate_(),
    coalescencePairs_(),
    breakupModels_
    (
        dict_.lookup("breakupModels"),
        breakupModel::iNew(*this)
    ),
    breakupRate_(),
    binaryBreakupModels_
    (
        dict_.lookup("binaryBreakupModels"),
        binaryBreakupModel::iNew(*this)
    ),
    binaryBreakupRate_(),
    binaryBreakupPairs_(),
    drift_
    (
        dict_.lookup("driftModels"),
        driftModel::iNew(*this)
    ),
    driftRate_(),
    nucleation_
    (
        dict_.lookup("nucleationModels"),
        nucleationModel::iNew(*this)
    ),
    nucleationRate_(),
    alphas_(),
    dsm_(),
    U_(),
    sourceUpdateCounter_(0)
{
    groups::retrieve(*this, velocityGroupPtrs_, sizeGroups_);
 
    if (sizeGroups().size() < 3)
    {
        FatalErrorInFunction
            << "The populationBalance " << name_
            << " requires a minimum number of three sizeGroups to be specified."
            << exit(FatalError);
    }
 
    // Create velocity-group dilatation errors
    forAllConstIter
    (
        HashTable<const diameterModels::velocityGroup*>,
        velocityGroupPtrs_,
        iter
    )
    {
        const velocityGroup& velGroup = *iter();
 
        dilatationErrors_.insert
        (
            velGroup.phase().name(),
            volScalarField
            (
                IOobject
                (
                    IOobject::groupName
                    (
                        "dilatationError",
                        velGroup.phase().name()
                    ),
                    fluid_.time().name(),
                    mesh_
                ),
                mesh_,
                dimensionedScalar(inv(dimTime), 0)
            )
        );
    }
 
    // Create size-group boundaries
    v_.setSize(sizeGroups().size() + 1);
    v_.set(0, new dimensionedScalar("v", sizeGroups()[0].x()));
    for (label i = 1; i < sizeGroups().size(); ++ i)
    {
        v_.set
        (
            i,
            new dimensionedScalar
            (
                "v",
                (sizeGroups()[i-1].x() + sizeGroups()[i].x())/2
            )
        );
    }
    v_.set(v_.size() - 1, new dimensionedScalar("v", sizeGroups().last().x()));
 
    // ???
    delta_.setSize(sizeGroups().size());
    forAll(sizeGroups(), i)
    {
        delta_.set(i, new PtrList<dimensionedScalar>());
    }
 
    // Create size-group source terms
    Su_.setSize(sizeGroups().size());
    Sp_.setSize(sizeGroups().size());
    forAll(sizeGroups(), i)
    {
        Su_.set
        (
            i,
            new volScalarField
            (
                IOobject("Su", fluid_.time().name(), mesh_),
                mesh_,
                dimensionedScalar(inv(dimTime), 0)
            )
        );
 
        Sp_.set
        (
            i,
            new volScalarField
            (
                IOobject("Sp", fluid_.time().name(), mesh_),
                mesh_,
                dimensionedScalar(inv(dimTime), 0)
            )
        );
    }
 
    this->initialiseDmdtfs();
 
    if (coalescenceModels_.size() != 0)
    {
        coalescenceRate_.set
        (
            new volScalarField
            (
                IOobject
                (
                     "coalescenceRate",
                     mesh_.time().name(),
                     mesh_
                ),
                mesh_,
                dimensionedScalar(dimVolume/dimTime, Zero)
            )
        );
 
        forAll(sizeGroups(), i)
        {
            for (label j = 0; j <= i; j++)
            {
                coalescencePairs_.append(labelPair(i, j));
            }
        }
    }
 
    if (breakupModels_.size() != 0)
    {
        breakupRate_.set
        (
            new volScalarField
            (
                IOobject
                (
                    "breakupRate",
                    fluid_.time().name(),
                    mesh_
                ),
                mesh_,
                dimensionedScalar(inv(dimTime), Zero)
            )
        );
    }
 
    if (binaryBreakupModels_.size() != 0)
    {
        binaryBreakupRate_.set
        (
            new volScalarField
            (
                IOobject
                (
                    "binaryBreakupRate",
                    fluid_.time().name(),
                    mesh_
                ),
                mesh_,
                dimensionedScalar
                (
                    "binaryBreakupRate",
                    inv(dimVolume*dimTime),
                    Zero
                )
            )
        );
 
        calcDeltas();
 
        forAll(sizeGroups(), i)
        {
            label j = 0;
 
            while (delta_[j][i].value() != 0)
            {
                binaryBreakupPairs_.append(labelPair(i, j));
                j++;
            }
        }
    }
 
    if (drift_.size() != 0)
    {
        driftRate_.set
        (
            new volScalarField
            (
                IOobject
                (
                    "driftRate",
                    fluid_.time().name(),
                    mesh_
                ),
                mesh_,
                dimensionedScalar(dimVolume/dimTime, Zero)
            )
        );
    }
 
    if (nucleation_.size() != 0)
    {
        nucleationRate_.set
        (
            new volScalarField
            (
                IOobject
                (
                    "nucleationRate",
                    fluid_.time().name(),
                    mesh_
                ),
                mesh_,
                dimensionedScalar
                (
                    "nucleationRate",
                    inv(dimTime*dimVolume),
                    Zero
                )
            )
        );
    }
 
    if (velocityGroupPtrs_.size() > 1)
    {
        alphas_.set
        (
            new volScalarField
            (
                IOobject
                (
                    IOobject::groupName("alpha", this->name()),
                    fluid_.time().name(),
                    mesh_,
                    IOobject::NO_READ,
                    IOobject::AUTO_WRITE
                ),
                mesh_,
                dimensionedScalar(dimless, Zero)
            )
        );
 
        dsm_.set
        (
            new volScalarField
            (
                IOobject
                (
                    IOobject::groupName("d", this->name()),
                    fluid_.time().name(),
                    mesh_,
                    IOobject::NO_READ,
                    IOobject::AUTO_WRITE
                ),
                mesh_,
                dimensionedScalar(dimLength, Zero)
            )
        );
 
        U_.set
        (
            new volVectorField
            (
                IOobject
                (
                    IOobject::groupName("U", this->name()),
                    fluid_.time().name(),
                    mesh_,
                    IOobject::NO_READ,
                    IOobject::AUTO_WRITE
                ),
                mesh_,
                dimensionedVector(dimVelocity, Zero)
            )
        );
    }
}
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Destructor  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::~populationBalanceModel()
{}
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
Foam::autoPtr<Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel>
Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::clone() const
{
    notImplemented("populationBalance::clone() const");
    return autoPtr<populationBalanceModel>(nullptr);
}
 
 
bool Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::writeData(Ostream& os) const
{
    return os.good();
}
 
 
Foam::dimensionedScalar Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::eta
(
    const label i,
    const dimensionedScalar& v
) const
{
    return eta<dimensionedScalar>(i, v);
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField::Internal>
Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::eta
(
    const label i,
    const volScalarField::Internal& v
) const
{
    return eta<tmp<volScalarField::Internal>>(i, v);
}
 
 
Foam::dimensionedScalar Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::etaV
(
    const label i,
    const dimensionedScalar& v
) const
{
    return etaV<dimensionedScalar>(i, v);
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField::Internal>
Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::etaV
(
    const label i,
    const volScalarField::Internal& v
) const
{
    return etaV<tmp<volScalarField::Internal>>(i, v);
}
 
 
const Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField>
Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::sigmaWithContinuousPhase
(
    const phaseModel& dispersedPhase
) const
{
    return phaseInterface(dispersedPhase, continuousPhase_).sigma();
}
 
 
const Foam::phaseCompressible::momentumTransportModel&
Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::continuousTurbulence() const
{
    return
        mesh_.lookupType<phaseCompressible::momentumTransportModel>
        (
            continuousPhase_.name()
        );
}
 
 
void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::solve()
{
    if (!solveOnFinalIterOnly() || fluid_.pimple().finalIter())
    {
        const label nCorr = this->nCorr();
        const scalar tolerance =
            mesh_.solution().solverDict(name_).lookup<scalar>("tolerance");
 
        const bool updateSrc = updateSources();
 
        if (nCorr > 0 && updateSrc)
        {
            precompute();
        }
 
        int iCorr = 0;
        scalar maxInitialResidual = 1;
 
        while (++iCorr <= nCorr && maxInitialResidual > tolerance)
        {
            Info<< "populationBalance "
                << this->name()
                << ": Iteration "
                << iCorr
                << endl;
 
            if (updateSrc)
            {
                sources();
            }
 
            correctDilatationError();
 
            maxInitialResidual = 0;
 
            forAll(sizeGroups(), i)
            {
                sizeGroup& fi = sizeGroups_[i];
                const phaseModel& phase = fi.phase();
                const volScalarField& alpha = phase;
                const volScalarField& rho = phase.rho();
                const volScalarField& dilatationError =
                    dilatationErrors_[phase.name()];
 
                fvScalarMatrix sizeGroupEqn
                (
                    fvm::ddt(alpha, fi)
                  + fvm::div(phase.alphaPhi(), fi)
                  + fvm::Sp(-(1 - small)*dilatationError, fi)
                  + fvm::SuSp(-small*dilatationError, fi)
                ==
                    fvc::Su(Su_[i], fi)
                  - fvm::Sp(Sp_[i], fi)
                  + fluid_.fvModels().source(alpha, rho, fi)/rho
                  - correction
                    (
                        fvm::Sp
                        (
                            max(phase.residualAlpha() - alpha, scalar(0))
                           /this->mesh().time().deltaT(),
                            fi
                        )
                    )
                );
 
                sizeGroupEqn.relax();
 
                fluid_.fvConstraints().constrain(sizeGroupEqn);
 
                maxInitialResidual = max
                (
                    sizeGroupEqn.solve().initialResidual(),
                    maxInitialResidual
                );
 
                fluid_.fvConstraints().constrain(fi);
            }
        }
 
        volScalarField fAlpha0
        (
            sizeGroups().first()*sizeGroups().first().phase()
        );
 
        volScalarField fAlphaN
        (
            sizeGroups().last()*sizeGroups().last().phase()
        );
 
        Info<< this->name() << " sizeGroup phase fraction first, last = "
            << fAlpha0.weightedAverage(this->mesh().V()).value()
            << ' ' << fAlphaN.weightedAverage(this->mesh().V()).value()
            << endl;
    }
}
 
 
void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::correct()
{
    if (velocityGroupPtrs_.size() > 1)
    {
        calcAlphas();
        dsm_() = calcDsm();
        calcVelocity();
    }
}
 
 
// ************************************************************************* //